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BIRTH CONTROL: STERILIZATION

Sterilization is a surgical procedure whereby a person is rendered sterilei.e., incapable of reproduction. There are several means of achieving this end for both men and women; but the variety of methods is greater for women, as is the incidence of sterilization among them.

In the United States, it is estimated that sterilization is performed in one out of ten marriages. One study involving 245 couples revealed that the wife had been sterilized in 220 cases, the husband in 24 cases, and in one case both husband and wife had been sterilized.

In twenty-eight of the states, sterilization may be performed for eugenic reasons.329 In other states, it may be done for therapeutic and socioeconomic considerations.

1. Eugenic sterilization

a. The habitual criminal. The rationale for sterilizing an habitual criminal is based on the theory that the "criminal mind" is inherited. A recent decision by the Supreme Court has ruled against

such a measure as being cruel and unusual punishment. Furthermore, there is little scientific evidence that inheritance plays any part in criminal behavior.

b. The moral pervert. In most cases involving perversion, illegal enforcement of sterilization would be tantamount to punishment. In one instance, an exhibitionist submitted to castration in preference to serving a prison sentence for his deviate actions. This method of treatment is highly unlikely to benefit either exhibitionists or society, since these and many other sexual deviates are often driven to their behavior because of self-doubt regarding their masculinity. Only the sadistic or the vengeful, or the offender's unconscious desire for punishment, is served by such punitive measures.

c. Inheritable mental disease or deficiency. In 1927, a Supreme Court decision decreed that a third-generation imbecile may be sterilized. California law makes it mandatory that an imbecile be sterilized before he can be released from an institution. In other states, similar legislation has been expanded to include persons suffering from schizophrenic and manic-depressive psychoses, which are interpreted as inheritable mental diseasesa highly questionable assumption.

2. Therapeutic sterilization is sometimes performed when certain pathological conditions are present in either husband or wife: tuberculosis, cancer, cardio-renal-vascular diseases, hypertension and high blood pressure, and kidney disorders; or when certain Rh blood incompatibilities exist.

3. Socioeconomic considerations form the basis for the majority of sterilization operations performed, and the range of motivations in requesting the operation is extensive. From a legal standpoint, the surgeon is often placed on uncertain ground. However good his intentions to help his patients, he must always be careful to guard himself against later lawsuits brought by the persons upon whom he performs the operation. Many of these people have neurotic reasons for wanting to be sterilized, in the first place, and these same neuroses or sociopathic attitudes may prompt them to bring suit against the physician who was merely trying to help them.

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Men's Health Erectile Dysfunction

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SEXUALITY DEFINED: PAGAN-POLYTHEISTIC INFLUENCES - ROMAN SEXUALITY
Although there is reasonable agreement among most authorities regarding the characteristics of Greek sexuality, Roman customs and values are a matter of considerable debate. Conventional wisdom holds that the Roman society was as sexually promiscuous as the Greek; and it is popularly believed that the collapse of the Roman Empire was due, in no small part, to the sexual excesses of its citizens (Canter, 1963). These views have been challenged, however, on the grounds that the sexual excesses of Roman society have been greatly exaggerated and that the accounts of these events are biased and inaccurate (Bullough, 1976). Whatever the actual case, certainly Roman culture was more complicated and multidimensional than Greek society. The Roman Empire endured for a relatively long period of time; and, whereas the Greeks retained their beliefs and customs, Roman culture changed in the light of the changing empire and in the face of continuous exposure to other cultures.
The Romans, of course, shared the polytheistic religion of the Greeks, as well as the sexuality of their deities. Thus, they shared the Grecian religious approval of sex. As Grimal states:
To love was to obey the gods and achieve one of the requisites of the human condition. Chastity could be required by religious rites in certain cases, but it was not a good thing in itself; not even a desirable thing; it was rather an impairment of what was good and desirable for among the gifts of the gods to man, love is always to be found. [Grimal, 1967, p. xiii]
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Men's Health-Erectile Dysfunction

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